baltic sea and north sea are connected by

The Baltic Sea flows out through the Danish straits; however, the flow is complex. Copyright StatementThese files are public domain. Bibliography InformationChisholm, Hugh, General Editor. [5] The Drogden Sill is situated north of Køge Bugt and connects Dragør in the south of Copenhagen to Malmö; it is used by the Øresund Bridge, including the Drogden Tunnel. It's also the border between the shallow southern Øresund (with a typical depth of 5–10 meters only) and notably deeper water. At the Bornholm Basin, which is located directly east of the island of the same name, the surface temperature typically falls to 0–5 °C (32–41 °F) during the peak of the winter and rises to 15–20 °C (59–68 °F) during the peak of the summer, with an annual average of around 9–10 °C (48–50 °F). [38] The water surplus caused by the continuous inflow of rivers and streams to the Baltic Sea means that there generally is a flow of brackish water out through the Danish Straits to the Kattegat (and eventually the Atlantic). World War I was partly fought in the Baltic Sea. Rystad, Göran, Klaus-R. Böhme, and Wilhelm M. Carlgren, eds. Instead of a true sea, the Baltic can even today also be understood as the common estuary of all rivers flowing into it. Between Falster and the German coast lie the Bay of Mecklenburg and Bay of Lübeck. Eventually, it was Sweden that virtually encompassed the Baltic Sea. By this definition, the Danish Straits is part of the entrance, but the Bay of Mecklenburg and the Bay of Kiel are parts of the Baltic Sea. The Baltic Sea was known in ancient Latin language sources as Mare Suebicum or even Mare Germanicum. A consensus of experts and scientists say that the image most likely shows a natural geological formation. After ratification, the Convention entered into force on 17 January 2000. In Peter the Great and the West: New Perspectives. Meanwhile, others have suggested that the name of the island originates from the Proto-Indo-European root *bhel meaning "white, fair". Between Esthonia and Courland is the Gulf of Riga, a shallow inlet of roughly circular form, about loo m. in diameter, and nowhere more than 27 fathoms deep. This not only saves time but also avoids storm-prone seas and having to pass through the Danish straits. The sea has a surface area of 377,000 square kilometers (146,000 square miles). The periphery amounts to about 8,000 km (5,000 mi) of coastline.[23]. Yet another explanation is that the name originally meant "enclosed sea, bay" as opposed to open sea. The water level is generally far more dependent on the regional wind situation than on tidal effects. [27] Some marine species, like the Atlantic cod and European flounder, can survive at relatively low salinities but need higher salinities to breed, which therefore occurs in deeper parts of the Baltic Sea.[48][49]. Quite violent, sudden storms sweep the surface ten or more times a year, due to large transient temperature differences and a long reach of the wind. At Stockholm the rate of elevation is approximately 0.47 metre (=1.54 ft.) in a century. The western Baltic extends north through insular Denmark and includes the Kattegat, a strait separating peninsular Denmark (Jutland, or Jylland) from southwestern Sweden. Beyond the Oder the coast-line is unbroken as far as the Gulf of Danzig. It is possible that Pliny refers to an island named Basilia ("the royal") in On the Ocean by Pytheas. 2. [13] Older native names in languages that used to be spoken on the shores of the sea or near it usually indicate the geographical location of the sea (in Germanic languages), or its size in relation to smaller gulfs (in Old Latvian), or tribes associated with it (in Old Russian the sea was known as the Varanghian Sea). At the bottom of the Arkona Basin (equalling depths greater than 40 m or 130 ft) and Bornholm Basin (depths greater than 80 m or 260 ft) it is typically 1.4–1.8%. The northern Quarken is covered with traversable ice every third or fourth year. It is connected with the North Sea by the Øresund (the Sound), the Store Baelt, the Lille Baelt, the Kattegat, and the Skagerrak. Their range limit is west of Bornholm, meaning that they are absent from the vast majority of the Baltic Sea. In Sweden, the sea was then referred to as Mare Nostrum Balticum ("Our Baltic Sea"). The ice extent depends on whether the winter is mild, moderate, or severe. Thus the Baltic Sea has long been crossed by much merchant shipping. It is known that freshwater input to the Baltic Sea and … There was much trading not just within the Baltic region but also with the North Sea region, especially eastern England and the Netherlands: their fleets needed the Baltic timber, tar, flax, and hemp. These have caused numerous shipwrecks, and contributed to the extreme difficulties of rescuing passengers of the ferry M/S Estonia en route from Tallinn, Estonia, to Stockholm, Sweden, in September 1994, which claimed the lives of 852 people. During winter, fast ice, which is attached to the shoreline, develops first, rendering ports unusable without the services of icebreakers. Older, wood-based shipwrecks such as the Vasa tend to remain well-preserved, as the Baltic's cold and brackish water does not suit the shipworm. It is connected with the North Sea by the Kattegat and Skagerrak. The North Sea is more interesting if you are into nature, because of the tidelands, various wildlife and rougher weather. The drainage area of the Baltic is relatively large. In the far north of this bay, saltwater species are almost entirely absent. The "Mother of All Trades": The Baltic Grain Trade in Amsterdam from the Late 16th to Early 19th Century. The "Baltic Sea anomaly" refers to interpretations of an indistinct sonar image taken by Swedish salvage divers on the floor of the northern Baltic Sea in June 2011. The latest four occurred in 1983, 1993, 2003, and 2014 suggesting a new inter-inflow period of about ten years. Dr R. Sieger has traced a series of isobasic lines, or lines of equal rate of elevation, for portions of Sweden and Finland; these indicate that the movement is now almost nil along the axial lines of the Baltic and the Gulf of Finland, but increases in amplitude northwards to the Gulf of Bothnia and in the direction of the main ridge of the massif of southern Sweden. It is connected with North Sea through Kattegatt, Øresund, the Great Belt and the Little Belt. There is a decrease in species richness from the Danish belts to the Gulf of Bothnia. The subsequent upheaval restricted direct communication with the open sea to the Danish channels, and the Baltic waters became fresher: the oyster disappeared, but a number of cold salt-water fishes and crustaceans, and even seals, became acclimatized. In the east, the Gulf of Finland connects the Baltic Sea to St. Petersburg, Russia. It connects the White Sea, in the Arctic Ocean, with Lake Onega, which is further connected to the Baltic Sea. This was brought about by a stagnant high-pressure area that lingered over central and northern Scandinavia from around 10 to 24 February. The present contracting parties are Denmark, Estonia, the European Community, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, and Sweden. The Kiel Canal is a 98-kilometre-long freshwater canal in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein. In 1945, the Baltic Sea became a mass grave for retreating soldiers and refugees on torpedoed troop transports. [29] Frequently, parts of the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland are frozen, in addition to coastal fringes in more southerly locations such as the Gulf of Riga. The mix of the fresh and salt water in the Baltic Sea causes a gradient of salinity that depends on its depth and is connected with the gradient of temperature. The uplift is about eight millimeters per year on the Finnish coast of the northernmost Gulf of Bothnia. Composed of the Gulf of Bothnia, Bay of Bothnia, Gulf of Finland and Gulf of Riga, the Baltic Sea drains into the Kattegat Sea and is connected by canals to the White Sea and North Sea. The significant wave height is generally much lower than that of the North Sea. Of these two seals, only the Baltic ringed seal suffers when there is not adequate ice in the Baltic Sea, as it feeds its young only while on ice. The Helsinki Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area includes the Baltic Sea and the Kattegat, without calling Kattegat a part of the Baltic Sea, "For the purposes of this Convention the 'Baltic Sea Area' shall be the Baltic Sea and the Entrance to the Baltic Sea, bounded by the parallel of the Skaw in the Skagerrak at 57°44.43'N. Plans to artificially oxygenate areas of the Baltic that have experienced eutrophication have been proposed by the University of Gothenburg and Inocean AB. The origin of the latter name is speculative and it was adopted into Slavic and Finnic languages spoken around the sea, very likely due to the role of Medieval Latin in cartography. The tourism industry surrounding the Baltic Sea is naturally concerned about oil pollution. Due to the difference in salinity, by salinity permeation principle, a sub-surface layer of more saline water moving in the opposite direction brings in 475 km3 (114 cu mi) per year. Edited by Lindsey Hughes, 105–117. This leads to decreased oxygen concentrations within the zone. The northern part of the Baltic Sea is known as the Gulf of Bothnia, of which the northernmost part is the Bay of Bothnia or Bothnian Bay. Like the Black Sea, the Baltic Sea is connected to the North Sea by a small canal and the Baltic Sea has H2S- formation in the bottom water in deep basins (4, 16, 17). The North Sea, the Baltic Sea, and the English Channel. Storm surge floodings are generally taken to occur when the water level is more than one metre above normal. At the time of the last great subsidence, in glacial times, an arm of the sea extended across Sweden, submerging a great part of the littoral up to the Gulf of Bothnia, and including the Plies period the this of themnorthe and Baltic were s fg ficiently salt for oysters to flourish. Read More > It is mainly bacteria that grow in it, digesting organic material and releasing hydrogen sulfide. Around 22 million live in population centers of over 250,000. The Baltic Sea is connected by artificial waterways to the White Sea via the White Sea-Baltic Canal and to the German Bight of the North Sea via the Kiel Canal. In the great basins and hollows from Rugen to the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland the upper layers of water, from 30 to 70 metres (16 to 38 fathoms) in thickness, have almost the same salinity throughout. The "North Sea" water, of 34 to 35 pro male salinity, does not appear at the surface in the Skagerrak, except as a strip along part of the coast of Jutland, but it is always found as an undercurrent overlying the oceanic water. On the long-term average, the Baltic Sea is ice-covered at the annual maximum for about 45% of its surface area. In the eighteenth century, Russia and Prussia became the leading powers over the sea. The Baltic Sea drainage basin is roughly four times the surface area of the sea itself. From 1880 to 1980 inflows occurred on average six to seven times per decade. During the Crimean War, a joint British and French fleet attacked the Russian fortresses in the Baltic; the case is also known as the Åland War. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001. Along the Swedish coast a deep channel runs northward from outside the island of Oland; this is entirely cut off to the south and east by a bank which sweeps eastward and northward from near Karlskrona, and on which the island of Gotland stands, but it communicates at its northern end with the Gotland deep, and near the junction opposite Landsort is the deepest hole in the Baltic (420 metres = 2 3 o fathoms). That, on account of the earth's rotation, the main part of the Baltic Stream must keep close to the coast of the Scandinavian peninsula. (b) North Sea water, the predominant water in the North Sea area, of 34 to 35 pro male salinity. Level ice, ice sludge, pancake ice, and rafter ice form in the more open regions. [38], In contrast, the salinity of the Danish straits, which connect the Baltic Sea and Kattegat, tends to be significantly higher, but with major variations from year to year. The land is still emerging isostatically from its depressed state, which was caused by the weight of ice during the last glaciation. The Baltic Sea is connected by artificial waterways to the White Sea via the White Sea Canal and to the German Bight of the North Sea via the Kiel Canal. The Baltic Proper is bordered on its northern edge, at the latitude 60°N, by the Åland Islands and the Gulf of Bothnia, on its northeastern edge by the Gulf of Finland, on its eastern edge by the Gulf of Riga, and in the west by the Swedish part of the southern Scandinavian Peninsula. The Baltic Sea has no (notable) tides, … About 48% of the region is forested, with Sweden and Finland containing the majority of the forest, especially around the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland. In 2008, almost no ice formed except for a short period in March.[31]. Neutral Sweden developed incident weapons to defend its territorial waters after the Swedish submarine incidents. sea m. (=611,700 sq. 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