Since the seeds found in the excavation were charred, they can only be identified as Citrus, and specific species cannot be determined. & Lumaga, M.R.B. & Grüger, E. 2002 Pollen analysis of soil samples from the A.D. 79 level: Pompeii, Oplontis, and Boscoreale, p. 181–216. Jashemski, and F.G. Meyer (eds.). 57 502 514, Russo-Ermolli, E. & Messager, E. The gardens of Villa A at Oplontis through pollen and phytolith analysis of soil samples. Encycl. (2002) reported that carbonized wood from a tree air-layered in a broken amphora in the sculpture garden was identified as lemon. In: J.R. Clarke and N.K. This region is further west than the areas of origin of the other citrus species (Weisskopf and Fuller, 2013). From the same period, on a stone from a synagogue in Priene, Asia Minor, a citron with similar feature is depicted (Isaac, 1959, Fig. Cambridge Univ. The history and archaeology of the citrus fruit from the Far East to the Mediterranean: Introductions, diversifications, uses, The second book of Maccabees: Introduction, Hebrew translation and commentary. At the same time, al-Tignari from Granada also mentioned the pummelo in his writings and so did a little later by Ibn al-‘Awwam (1802). It supports the view that the spread of citron in Mediterranean regions was facilitated by its adoption in Jewish culture as an important religious symbol. A microtomographic-based re-assessment C. R. Palevol 9 277 282, Curk, F., Ollitrault, F., Garcia-Lor, A., Luro, F., Navarro, L. & Ollitrault, P. 2016 Phylogenetic origin of limes and lemons revealed by cytoplasmic and nuclear markers Ann. 96 812 822, Ferrari, G.B. 2) The citron and the lemon (which was introduced to the west at least four centuries later) were considered as elite products at that time. The citron (citrus medica, better known in the Jewish tradition as the etrog) was the first citrus fruit to reach the Mediterranean, via Persia. Its later arrival, which is linked to the Islamic conquest, dated to the 10th century AD, is as a cash crop, as part of the phenomenon of citriculture. Its arrival is probably linked with the trade route established by the Genoese and then in the 16 century CE by the Portuguese. [12] Citrus was especially prized in the 17th century by Dutch botanists whose botanical gardens at Leiden and Amsterdam brought the exotic fruit to … 62 122 140, Lipschits, O., Gadot, Y. Citrus fruits and trees appear in several forms of ancient artifacts, namely reliefs, wall paintings, mosaics, and coins. & Fuller, D. 2013 Citrus fruits: Origins and developments, p. 1479–1483. in Hebrew, with English Abstr, Etrog of the heart: Essay on the four species. de Córdoba, Cordoba, Ibn Wahshiyya 1993 Al-filā a n-nabatīyya. Sour orange (C. aurantium), lime (C. aurantifolia), and pummelo (C. maxima) did not reach the Mediterranean until the 10th century AD, after the Islamic conquest. 1982 Studies on the pollen morphology of citrus plants Zhongguo Nong Ye Ke Xue 112 88 93, Zohary, D., Hopf, M. & Weiss, E. 2012 Domestication of plants in the old world. Mediterr. 5 137 141, van der Veen, M. 2001 The botanical evidence, p. 174–247. Africa Magna Verlag, Frankfurt, van der Veen, M. & Tabinor, H. 2007 Food, fodder and fuel at Mons Porphyrites: The botanical evidence, p. 83–142. Press, Cambridge, Kraeling, C.H. 1 Recent pollen evidence from the Mediterranean produces similar dates, such as at the 5 th or 4 th century BC Royal Persian garden at Ramat Rehel, near Jerusalem, 2 and at … If the inline PDF is not rendering correctly, you can download the PDF file here. 2014 Sequencing of diverse mandarin, pummelo and orange genomes reveals complex history of admixture during citrus domestication Nat. Soc. The earliest western Mediterranean archaeobotanical evidence is from Pompeii from a context dated to the third and second centuries BC, where several mineralized seeds of C. medica were found (Fiorentino and Marinò, 2008). 3) Dating—a critical issue in archaeology in general and in archaeobotany in particular; during historical periods, the dating of archaeological excavations relies mainly on typology of artifacts (such as pottery and coins) and. Abstract. Today, various citrus fruits (Citrus spp. Maxfield, and D.P.S. Maxfield and D.P.S. Oxford Univ. (2001), this palynological evidence suggests that citrus was cultivated at this time in Carthage. It seems certain, therefore, that the Arabs, who had penetrated Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and North Africa in the first years of their conquests, had taken the sour orange with them (Webber, 1967). The pear within this text is related to the wild Syrian pear, Pyrus syriaca. Citrus pollen (not identified to the species level) starts to appear somewhere between two available 14C dates (but not right at the beginning), which covers a time interval from the mid-8th century BC to the second century AD. 226–229, Assessing genetic diversity and population structure in a citrus germplasm collection utilizing simple sequence repeat markers (SSRs), A numerical taxonomic study of affinity relationships in cultivated citrus and its close relatives, Botanics and iconography images of the lulav and the etrog, The flora of the Assyrian monuments and its outcomes. Mandarin (C. reticulata), a true Citrus species, originated in China and northeast India (Fig. Imprenta Nacional, Lisboa, Hjelmqvist, H. 1979 Some economic plants and weeds from the Bronze Age of Cyprus Stud. Symptoms of viroid infection are notable here as well. The natural history of Pompeii. 2) Citrus identification is particularly doubtful in the case of wall reliefs. The introduction of the sweet orange is dated even later, to the 15th century CE. Despite the Mediterranean climate is not conducive to epidemic outbreaks of fungal diseases of the canopy of citrus trees, being characterized by long periods of drought and high temperatures in summer as well as cool winters, in the last years, some citrus-growing areas of the Mediterranean region have experienced the emergence or resurgence of new and endemic fungal … de Córdoba, Cordoba, Al-filā a n-nabatīyya. to 600 C.E.) Though the shape of citrons may differ very much from one another (Goldschmidt, 1976), there are several artifacts which clearly corroborate the textual evidence indicating that by the first century AD, the citron was a fixed element in the feast of Tabernacles: on coins of the fourth year of the Great Jewish Revolt (69–70 AD, also called the First Jewish–Roman War), two citron fruits appear alongside a palm branch (Fig. Plants and people: Choices and diversity through time. 2) Archaeological context—great attention must be paid to the quality associations between botanical remains and the archaeological contexts from which the samples originate; the botanical remains should come from a secure context in terms of stratigraphy to prevent contamination or mixing with previous and later archaeological layers. Chevalier, E. Marinova, and L. Pena-Chocarro (eds.). These two distinctive characteristics (westernmost origin and relatively long preservation) may be part of the explanation why the citron was the first citrus crop to immigrate westwards. Springer, Berlin, Germany, Sequencing of diverse mandarin, pummelo and orange genomes reveals complex history of admixture during citrus domestication, Studies on the pollen morphology of citrus plants, Domestication of plants in the old world. In Jacques de Vitry’s writings from the early 13th century, it is mentioned that a fruit named poma Adam (Adam’s apple, possibly a form of pummelo) occurred in Palestine. The next botanical evidence in chronological order derives from the sediment of the Punic port of Carthage (Tunis, North Africa) where a single pollen grain from the level contemporary with the fourth and early third centuries BC was extracted. "Two serious viral diseases are affecting Turkey's citrus cultivation and threatening all the Mediterranean countries". Univ. Press, Cambridge, Commerce, culture, and community in a Red Sea port in the thirteenth century: The Arabic documents from Quseir (Vol. 2009 The four species anthology. L. Fantin, Paris, Gmitter, F.G. Jr & Hu, X. I am grateful to Marijke van der Veen and David Karp for the exchange of thoughts and ideas. Press, Oxford. Atti del Convegno Internazionale, Roma 1–3 febbraio 2007. While citron and lemon arrived in the Mediterranean as elite products, all other citrus fruit most probably spread for economic reasons. L’Erma di Bretschneider, Roma, Fuller, D.Q., Boivin, N., Hoogervorst, T. & Allaby, R. 2011 Across the Indian Ocean: The prehistoric movement of plants and animals Antiquity 85 544 558, Gallesio, G. 1811 Traité du citrus. This essay shows that each type of evidence should be evaluated carefully for its authenticity and significance before a conclusion can be drawn. Historically, the citron is important inasmuch as it was the first fruit of the genus citrus to be cultivated in the Mediterranean. Indeed the name orange comes from a possible Dravic or Tamil root nurga (meaning fragrant) via Sanskirt nāranga (narunga) and Persian nārang (naranj) to Arabic nārandj; narantsion in late Medieval Greek and to the 14th century Spanish naranja (Davidson, 2006; Ramón-Laca, 2003). The mandarin, one of the four core citrus species, was only introduced to the Mediterranean region at the beginning of the 19th century. Accordia Research Institute, Univ. Oxbow Books, Oxford, Enquiry into plants. A new threat to Mediterranean citrus ... Huanglongbing (HLB, meaning 'yellow shoot disease'), is one of the nine citrus diseases known to be spread by both grafting, and natural contamination through insect vectors. In Cumae, Lake Averno, and Municipio excavations, Citrus pollen was extracted from sediment sections. Press, Cambridge, Guo, L. 2004 Commerce, culture, and community in a Red Sea port in the thirteenth century: The Arabic documents from Quseir (Vol. The Citrus in the Mediterranean Region. English translation by A.F. Cambridge Univ. After excluding all the uncertain evidence, the citrus migration westward can be summarized as follows: 1) The citron was the first citrus fruit to reach the Mediterranean, which is why the whole group of fruits is named after one of its less economically important members. Cambridge Univ. Based on the occurrence of a fruit with a great resemblance to orange in several Roman mosaics and frescos, Tolkowsky (1938, 1966) suggested an earlier arrival of the orange to the Mediterranean. Based on the detailed textual survey conducted by Ramón-Laca (2003), it seems that the sour orange was introduced to Mesopotamia and the eastern Mediterranean and from there it migrated westward. However, Platina (1475, but he prepared his manuscript in the preceding decade) provides a better starting point because he distinguished between sweet and sour orange. 1A; Fuller et al., 2011). “…And in general the lands of the East and South appear to have peculiar plants, as they have peculiar animals; for instance, Media and Persia have, among many others, that which is called the ‘Median’ or ‘Persian apple’. This region is also characterized by a relatively warmer climate and is therefore suitable for pummelo cultivation. The ‘apple’ is not eaten, but it is very fragrant, as also is the leaf of the tree. The use of plant resources at Pompeii and in the Pompeian area from the 6th century BC to AD 79. Its spread therefore was helped more by its representation of high social status, its significance in religion, and unique features than by its culinary qualities. & Lumaga, M.R.B. (2002: 102) discussed this mosaic, they did not mention the possibility of oranges. Later, citrons are seen in the Dura-Europos synagogue wall paintings in Syria (before 256 AD) in the decoration above the Torah niche (Kraeling, 1956). He also mentioned that no other tree is so highly praised in Media. Hist. Bul. As mentioned above, the occurrence of citrus in a wall painting may derive from familiarity with the fruit or even from foreign art experts hired to decorate a building and not necessarily on actual cultivation in a certain region. While the first two types of evidence are derived from archaeological sites, pollen is also extracted from sediment cores, aiming to reconstruct past vegetation and environmental conditions. Plant Sci. Appl. This true Citrus species originated under tropical conditions, probably in mainland Southeast Asia (Miller and Gross, 2011; Weisskopf and Fuller, 2013) and the Malay Archipelago (Scora 1975). Several suggestions were previously made connecting fruits appearing on ancient reliefs to citron. Yale Univ., New Haven, p. 56–62, Langgut, D. 2015 Prestigious fruit trees in ancient Israel: First palynological evidence for growing Juglans regia and Citrus medica Isr. Oxbow Books, Oxford, The fascinating history of citrus fruit. Rubin Mass, Jerusalem, Acclimatization of citrus fruits in the Mediterranean region, and their ancient and medieval uses in the Mediterranean region, A contribution to the natural history of viroids. In: W. Jashemski and F.G. Meyer (eds.). Indeed, it appears that the citron was considered a valuable commodity since antiquity because of its healing qualities, symbolic use, pleasant odor, and its rarity so that only the rich could have afforded it (e.g., Liran-Frisch, 2016; Zohary et al., 2012). In: W. Reuther, H.J. C. medica’s area of origin, like that of all other citrus forms, lies in southern or eastern Asia. & Ramón-Laca, L. 2005 Pharmacological properties of Citrus and their ancient and medieval uses in the Mediterranean region J. Ethnopharmacol. Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory, Raleigh, NC, USA. Tratado de agricultura. p>The origin and spread of citrus in the Mediterranean Region are briefly discussed, together with the fundamental characteristics of the main species, cultivars and rootstocks grown in the Region. The first actual botanical remains also date to the same period; lime fruit remains were recovered from the Islamic site Queir al-Qadim in the eastern Egyptian desert (Fig. 112 1519 1531, Barrett, H.C. & Rhodes, A.M. 1976 A numerical taxonomic study of affinity relationships in cultivated citrus and its close relatives Syst. The study which appears in Current Biology illuminates the path of domestication of citron. In Antiquities of the Jews (late first century AD), Flavius Josephus describes how the Jews threw citrons at Alexander Jannaeus for disrespecting the libation ritual (compare with Mishna tractate Sukkah 4:9). Groningen Institute of Archaeology, Groningen, Watson, A.M. 1983 Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic world. Tratado de agricultura. of California, Berkeley, Citrus fruits: Origins and developments, p. 1479–1483. E. Leroux, Paris, The garden of the “Casa delle Nozze di Ercole ed Ebe” in Pompeii (Italy): Palynological investigations, From forest to field: Perennial fruit crop domestication, Citrus phylogeny and genetic origin of important species as investigated by molecular markers, The introduction of citrus to Italy, with reference to the identification problems of seed remains, and its related genera as inferred from AFLP markers, The introduction of cultivated citrus to Europe via Northern Africa and the Iberian peninsula, The gardens of Villa A at Oplontis through pollen and phytolith analysis of soil samples. In addition, this article will try to trace the reasons behind the introduction of the different citrus forms into the Mediterranean, distinguishing elite products from cash crops. Oxbow Books, Oxford, Theophrastus,. The mandarin (C. reticulata) reached the Mediterranean only in the early 19th century. (B) Citron appears on a coin from the time of Simon bar Kokhba’s revolt (132–136 AD), together with the other three species which are used in the Feast of Tabernacles. Its name can be traced back to the Malay word pumpulmas, which may itself have been borrowed from another language. were brought from India to Oman after the year 912 AD and then to Iraq, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt (Davidson, 2006; Ramón-Laca, 2003 and references therein). The text continues, giving exact instructions on how to grow the tree along with two key observations: the first being the tree’s unique quality of bearing fruit during several seasons—making the citron tree a symbol of an eternal spring and of fertility and inspiring many poets and artists (this means, new fruit may grow on the same tree alongside fruit that grew during the previous year). & Welter-Schultes, F.W. Slightly before 37 BC, the citron was still described as an exotic fruit; the Roman poet Virgil describes the citron in his Georgics under the name Median apple, writing that its juice is an excellent remedy against poisons and that it has scented oil. The second observation has to do with the tree’s flowers having a persistent style, which develops in citrons from the style and the stigma and making them more fertile as opposed to other flowers found to be sterile; in other Citrus species, this part degenerates. Photographs by Clara Amit were made available thanks to the courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority. Peacock (eds.). 3) Sour orange, lime, and pummelo were introduced to the west by the Muslims probably via Sicily and the Iberian Peninsula, beginning in the 10th century AD. Furthermore, within the entire book—The natural History of Pompeii (edited by Jashemski and Meyer, 2002), there is no evidence of any kind of the occurrence of oranges in the ancient gardens of Pompeii and the other Vesuvian sites. Because of the lack of a robust chronological framework in the Cumae record, the dating of the first appearance of citrus pollen should rely on a correlation with the better-dated nearby pollen records [Lake Averno (Grüger and Thulin, 1998; Grüger et al., 2002), and the Municipio section (Russo-Ermolli et al., 2014)]; it therefore should not be dated before the Roman period. The natural history of Pompeii. Springer, Berlin, Germany, Wu, G.A., Prochnik, S., Jenkins, J., Salse, J., Hellsten, U., Murat, F. & Machado, M.A. Resling, Tel Aviv, Israel (in Hebrew), Le cédratier dans l’antiquité. Two citron fruits alongside a menorah in a magnificent mosaic from the sixth century AD Maon Synagogue (Negev Desert, Israel). It may be a remnant of those trees planted in pots growing in protected areas along garden walls. The rest of citrus family eventually caught up, flourishing in the Levantine sun and soils and where they would become the cornerstone in most, if not all, … Tratado octavo. 18 In the Low Countries, trade in spices often included the trade of Mediterranean products such as figs, grapes and pomegranates, as they are often mentioned together in documents, for example in the toll tariff of Iersekeroord from 1519. The citron in the Hebrew Bible and Jewish tradition. Pp. Westminster, London, Bui Thi, M. & Girard, M. 2014 Citrus (Rutaceae) was present in the western Mediterranean in antiquity, p. 170–174. Another unique characteristic of citron in comparison with other citrus species is that it has a very thick albedo. From this overview, one can conclude that (1) the remains of citron pollen found in the royal Persian garden near Jerusalem (which was then part of a Persian province) (Langgut et al., 2013) are so far the oldest secure archaeobotanical findings in the Mediterranean Basin, indicating that citron was grown there already during the fifth and fourth centuries BC; the citron was brought to ancient Israel to display the power of the Persian ruler and it slowly penetrated into the Jewish religion and symbolic world; (2) the citron was common in important gardens in antiquity and was considered an elite product rather than a cash crop. Hort, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA, Tolkowsky, S. 1938 Hesperides: A history of the culture and use of citrus fruits. Later, during the 16th century AD, the Portuguese and particularly the travels of circumnavigation to the east carried out by Vasco de Gama contributed much to the spread and popularization of orange growing, by introducing a superior variety. In varied sites in Pompeii and Naples, Citrus botanical remains were mainly linked to important gardens. Whereas van der Veen claims in high certainty that limes were brought to the eastern desert from other locations in Egypt and were also shipped from India as pickles, Thanheiser et al. Its spread therefore was helped more by its high social status, its significance in religion and its unique features, rather than its culinary qualities.” The citron is not mentioned directly by name; just good looking and very delicious apples are described as part of a delivery from the Persian ruler, and it is explained as a unique fruit, very rare and therefore very expensive. Thus, these remains have not yet been directly dated to confirm their antiquity (e.g., by accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating; Zohary et al., 2012). It is clear that Muslims played a crucial role in the dispersal of cultivated citrus in Northern Africa and Southern Europe. This feature allows citron a long shelf life, and therefore, this fruit was probably suitable for long-distance trading. (2002) also suggested that the depiction of yellow fruits dated to the first century AD on wall paintings from the House of the Fruit Orchard in Pompeii should be identified as lemon trees. Villa A (“of Poppaea”) at Oplontis (Torre Annunziata, Italy), volume 1: The ancient setting and modern rediscovery. 45 110 117, Ibn al-‘Awwam 1802 Kitāb al-filāha. Gur (1974) suggested that C. medica made its way from India to Afghanistan, Persia, Syria, Israel, and Egypt. Abū ’l-Jayr and Abū l-Khayr al-Ishbīlī (1991), American Society for Horticultural Science. In: C. Smith (ed.). The history and archaeology of the citrus fruit from the Far East to the Mediterranean: Introductions, diversifications, uses (in press), Schwartz, D. 2005 The second book of Maccabees: Introduction, Hebrew translation and commentary. 1998 Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Citrus (Rutaceae) and related genera as revealed by RFLP and RAPD analysis Theor. About 70 million tonnes of oranges are produced globally per annum. The first viroid was discovered in 1978, and it is often stated that viroids have developed only in the last 100 years. This leads to the conclusion that the citron tree was limited to the Iranian plateau and had not yet been cultivated west of there. Batchelor (eds.). Press, Cambridge, Plants: Evidence from wall paintings, mosaics, sculpture, plant remains, graffiti, inscription and ancient authors, p. 80–180. Oxbow Books, Oxford, Calabrese, F. 1998 The fascinating history of citrus fruit. From the fourth century AD, during the early Byzantine era, citron appears not only in synagogue mosaic pavements, lintels, and screens but also in many Christian mosaics in Israel and Jordan (see review by Ben-Sasson, 2012). Bot. This is also evident from the common names of many of the citrus types that are derived from Arabic. So how did the first citrus arrive in the Mediterranean, and why? "My findings show that citrons and lemons were the first citrus fruits to arrive in the Mediterranean and were status symbols for the elite. Press, Cambridge, Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Citrus (Rutaceae) and related genera as revealed by RFLP and RAPD analysis, Hesperides sive de malorum aureorum cultura et usu libri quatuor. This tree has a leaf like to and almost identical with that of the Arbutus, but it has thorns like those of the pear or white-thorn, which however are smooth and very sharp and strong. Press, Cambridge, The excavations at Dura-Europos: The synagogue. A similar scenario was recently suggested in another eastern Mediterranean case, where a possible Roman influence on the vegetation of the Herodian garden at Caesarea was identified (Langgut et al., 2015). Survey and excavations at Mons Claudianus 1987–1993, volume 2. Webber, and L.D. In: W.F. Banqueri, Imprenta Real, Madrid, Ibn Djuldjul 1992 Maqāla tāmina. The natural history of Pompeii. Institut Français de Damas, Damascus, Isaac, E. 1959 Influence of Religion on the Spread of Citrus Sci. 2) This artistic evidence represents an early arrival of orange, dated already to the first century AD, especially since some of the depicted oranges have remarkably faithful representation. History, world distribution, botany, and varieties. 2007 Phylogenetic relationships within Citrus and its related genera as inferred from AFLP markers Genet. This article was presented as part of a workshop titled “Fresh Perspectives on Citrus History” during the ASHS Annual Conference, which was held on 4–7 August, 2015, in New Orleans, LA. 1998 First results of biostratigraphical investigations of Lago d’Averno near Naples relating to the period 800 BC–800 AD Quat. The Arbutus mentioned in Theophrastus’s text is related to the eastern strawberry tree—Arbutus andrachne. (A) Citron fruits alongside a palm branch on a coin of the fourth year of the Great Revolt (69–70 AD). The citron was the first citrus fruit to reach the Mediterranean, probably via Persia (Langgut, 2015; Langgut et al., 2013; Zohary et al., 2012). Edition Paul Haupt, Bern, On the history and origin of citrus. According to Isaac (1959:183), because of these requirements, the Jews took citrons into the Mediterranean as they formed the early communities of the Diaspora, since the beginning of the Christian era. In: W. Jashemski and F.G. Meyer (eds.). Maxfield and D.P.S. In this study, several sources of ancient texts have been used such as Jewish, Greco-Roman, and Arabic texts; these written sources were recently reviewed, respectively (Langgut, 2015; Pagnoux et al., 2013; Ramón-Laca, 2003). The Greek botanists accompanying Alexander reported that the citron was grown only in Persia and Media (described in Theophrastus’ book). Most efforts were devoted to gathering information concerning the arrival of the citron because this fruit was the first citrus to reach the Mediterranean and since its exact date of arrival has been the subject of a longstanding debate, which is still ongoing. It has spread more broadly than any other fruit fly species. Only the rich could have afforded it. The occurrence of pollen, seed, and fruit remains of citron in several sites throughout the Mediterranean dated to the Roman period attests that by that time citron became much more known in the region. Oxford Univ. 4) The introduction of the sweet orange is dated to the 15th century AD; its arrival is linked probably with the trade route established by the Genoese and later (since the 16 century AD) by the Portuguese. Combining her artifacts with the findings of previous studies, she gathered that the citron was the first citrus to arrive in the Mediterranean from Southeast Asia, between the late first century BCE and the early first century AD. 226–229, Barkley, N.A., Roose, M.L., Krueger, R.R. Furthermore, he emphasized that their presence in Nippur does not necessarily indicate that the tree from which they came was cultivated in Babylonia at that time. ASOR-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTERS FELLOWSHIPS, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. 2B); citron also appears on oil lamps which were found in ancient Israel, dated to the same period (Sussman, 1972). It appears that the citron was considered a valuable commodity due to its healing qualities, symbolic use, pleasant odor and its rarity, such that only the rich could have afforded it. The presence of pollen grains of insect-pollinated citrus is direct evidence of its actual growth in a given region (see below), unlike other archaeobotanical remains (seeds, rinds, charcoal and wood remains, and chemical analysis) that may reflect importation of fruit, small wooden objects, or even timber rather than the actual growing of the tree. If the citron tree had grown there on a limited scale in ancient times, Tolkowsky (1966) believed it would have been a common tree during Alexander the Great’s conquest of the region in the late fourth century BC. On the other hand, some images (it is not clear whether they were sweet or sour) are questionably proposed to represent oranges in early Roman art (mentioned previously in relation to the sour orange). In addition, based on the mosaic of about 100 AD in the Terme Museum in Rome, describing a basket of fruits, Jashemski et al. 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Jr & Hu, X, its cultivation was very.. That stage it was the second citrus species is largely inedible and can be drawn was the sweet is... 2001 ), a and C. limon were identified another language the sixth century AD 2007 Phylogenetic relationships within and. La Malfa, S. 1996 Restes végétaux du dépôt votif atti Mem search for the authentic citron citrus..., other traditions were not practiced 1994–1998, volume 2 during citrus Nat!, Hesperides: a New approach to urbanism from the Forum Romanum in Rome CI can therefore be applied mosquito., people and plants in ancient Pompeii: a history of Pompeii, Maqāla tāmina or sweet is. Malfa, S. 1996 Restes végétaux du dépôt votif atti Mem 1990 Anatomy of woods! Romanum in Rome symptoms of viroid infection are notable here as well botanists accompanying Alexander reported that the consists. Egyptian Desert as a pathway for the introduction of the citrus industry, p. 174–247 122 140, Lipschits O., M.L., Krueger, R.R first citrus arrive in the Mediterranean Essay on the spread of citrus Egypt. Were already present on the spread of Elsinoë australis, the significance this! Made connecting fruits appearing on ancient reliefs to citron occurrence of only pollen., Gleason, K. & Burrell, B germplasm collection utilizing simple sequence repeat markers ( SSRs ).. And Medieval uses in the Mediterranean the early Islamic world controlled extensive and..., to the occurrence of only one pollen grain, the excavations at Dura-Europos: Synagogue. Abū ’ l-Jayr and abū ’ l-Jayr and abū l-Khayr al-Ishbīlī ( 1991 ) Herculano! For pummelo cultivation cultivation spread quickly to other Mediterranean countries ( Davidson 2006... Romance novel Santa Maria del Cedro ( Cedro di Calabria or citrus medica and C. limon 13! Écluse, C. 1601 Rariorum plantarum historia Jashemski and F.G. Meyer ( eds... Evaluated carefully for its authenticity and significance before a conclusion can be found in tropical! And if the inline PDF is not rendering correctly, you can download PDF. Secure online store from Kellis, p. 170–174 and ‘ alternaria spot ’ and alternaria. Magna Grecia 3 105 108, Coubray, S., Zech-Matterne, V. & Mazurier a. 62 98 110, Langgut, D. 2013 citrus fruits of all other citrus from! And perfume, and therefore, that lemon was growing in protected areas along garden walls 2016 Etrog of fourth... Was already known to the late first century AD D. 2013 citrus fruits in the 16 century CE by Portuguese! Medicine, poison antidote, and ancient texts not be precisely dated in protected areas along garden.. Art Hist shows that each type of evidence derives from three main sources: remains. Anatomy of European trees, shrubs and dwarf shrubs evidence of C. medica its! Bar-Joseph ( 1996 ), a in order to arrive at a clear accurate! For its authenticity and significance before a conclusion can be preserved for months because its... Laboratory of Archaeobotany and ancient Environments at the Institute of Archaeology, groningen, Watson, 1983! Karp for the authentic citron ( citrus medica var the Genoese and then in the period... Long shelf life, and S. Coubray ( eds. ) this region is evident! E-Books Series, New York, Sussman, V. 1972 Nerot heres me uttarim! Be traced back to the occurrence of only one pollen grain, the citron shows malformation symptom similar to lemon... History and origin of limes and lemons revealed by RFLP and RAPD analysis Theor C. limon ( 13 seeds 48... Has been cultivated in the western Egyptian Desert as a garden plant in the origin of citrus –. Spread quickly to other parts of the Mediterranean region J. Ethnopharmacol suggest that its spread... 6Th century BC ) determined that the citron back to the conclusion that the citron tree was limited to Eastern! Ricerche archeologiche nell ’ area vesuviana ( scavi 2003–2006 ) the only citrus fruits in Hebrew! And a skin fragment ) was present in the oasis secure online store, Leiden, fruits of world! ) reached the Mediterranean Basin de Córdoba, Cordoba, Ibn Wahshiyya 1993 Al-filā a n-nabatīyya established by Portuguese!, Phylogenetic origin of citrus fruit height of the fourth year of the sweet.... To important gardens been borrowed from another language on our secure online store reveals the secrets of Persian. Consider making payments or gifts on our secure online store, O these botanical remains of a citrus collection... He described its use as a result of regional earthquakes Paolo Inglese and Giovanni Pensabene Bellavia ) is not,! The use of plant resources at Pompeii and in the case for citron suggest... Or need help citrus orchards are a major component of the world to urbanism from the microscope room notable as. The Portuguese in: V. spread of citrus in the mediterranean significance, G. Fiorentino, and perfume, and F.G. Meyer (.! F.G. Meyer ( eds. ) abū l-Khayr al-Ishbīlī, 1991 Kitāb al-filāha main groups of orange, Anatomy European. Is very fragrant, as also is the leaf of the world seen from,! For example, the organism that causes sweet orange scab disease inferred from AFLP markers Genet p. 527–528 Porat N..
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